Los Angeles Motorcycle Accident Attorneys

In this article:

• What Should You Do After Being Involved in a Motorcycle Accident?

• Motorcycle Accident FAQ

• Common Types of Catastrophic Injury Sustained in Motorcycle Accidents

  • Road Rash

  • Traumatic Head/Brain Injury

  • Spinal Cord Injury, Including Paralysis

  • Amputation

  • Bone Fractures

• Possible Causes of Motorcycle Accidents

• Some Laws Regarding Motorcycle Accidents

• Motorcycle Accidents and Insurance Claims: What You Need to Know

• How To Find The Right Los Angeles Motorcycle Accident Attorney

• What Our Motorcycle Injury Clients Are Saying

The following is in no particular order:

1. Seek Medical Attention If Necessary

   Assess yourself for injuries and seek medical attention if required. You may not feel as though you have suffered any harm, but some injuries can be difficult to detect. You may still be in shock which can make it difficult to tell if you are experiencing any pain. If in doubt, it is better to err on the side of caution and speak to a medical professional.

2. Gather As Much Information As You Can

   If possible, get the contact information of everybody involved in the accident, especially names, current addresses and license plate numbers. Then, if you can, take photographs/videos of things that could be needed. Some suggestions of evidence to capture include:

   • Any injuries sustained 

   • The extent of the damage to all vehicles involved in the collision 

   • Any issues with the roadway that are easily apparent

   In addition, you may wish to take note of the following, especially if one or more of the drivers involved in the accident failed to stop or is refusing to cooperate:

   • What you believe may have caused the incident

   • The date and time the accident took place

   • Where the accident took place. Be as specific as possible. Which road? Which part of that road? Which lane were you in?

   • The weather conditions

   • The names of any witnesses

3. Call The Police

   California law mandates that the driver of any vehicle involved in an accident that results in either the injury or death of another person report the collision in writing to the police or CHP, if no law enforcement officer was present at the scene to make such a report at the time of the accident. 

   You, your insurance company, or your lawyer must also complete a Report of Traffic Accident Occurring in California (SR 1) with the DMV if there is more than $1000 in property damage, or if anyone was injured or killed.  

   A police incident report can be used to build a strong motorcycle accident lawsuit. Make sure to get a copy of this document as it may be required further down the line.

4. Know Your Rights — Contact a Motorcycle Accident Lawyer

   It is generally recommended that people involved in a motorcycle accident seek legal advice. An experienced attorney can help you understand a multitude of critical factors concerning your accident, such as traffic laws, medical treatment, and perhaps most crucially, fault.

   An attorney can also help you deal with insurance providers and look for all possible causes of the collision. Navigating an insurance claim can be a complicated process, and so it is highly recommended that you consult with an expert in motorcycle liability law to ensure that you position yourself for the best possible outcome.  

Jump to this section for more information on how to find the best motorcycle injury lawyer for your circumstances.

What If I Was Involved in a Hit And Run?

Hit and run incidents are covered by two sections of the California Vehicle Code, Section 20001 and Section 20002: 

Section 20001 states “The driver of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to a person, other than himself or herself, or in the death of a person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident.”

Violation of Section 20001 is a felony and carries a maximum jail time of four years and a maximum fine of $10,000, or both, depending on the severity of the injuries sustained as a result of the hit and run. 

Section 20002 states “The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting only in damage to any property, including vehicles, shall immediately stop the vehicle at the nearest location.”

Violation of Section 20002 is a misdemeanor and carries a maximum jail time of six months and a maximum fine of $1000, or both.

In the event of a hit and run, contacting the police can provide a good chance of finding the other driver.

There are numerous ways a reckless driver may be caught, and as stated in Assembly Bill 184. The statute of limitations for a hit and run offense gives a period of six years from the date of discovery for charges to be brought against the fleeing driver.

Improving Road Safety for Motorcyclists: Diamond & PCH, Redondo Beach

Ekbatani V. State Of California – $35,000,000.00

On July 14th, 2012, Amir Ekbatani was travelling along the Pacific Coast Highway when a taxi driver failed to yield at the Diamond St. intersection and collided with him.

Amir was thrown from his motorcycle, causing catastrophic injuries. Despite numerous surgeries, his leg had to be amputated below the knee.

We recovered a multi-million dollar award for Amir on the grounds that the California Dept of Transportation were fully aware of the dangers of the intersection, yet failed to implement the changes that would have made it safer. Since our victory at trial, CalTrans have implemented a double double yellow, a painted medium that prevents early left turns, significantly improving the safety of the intersection.

Q: How Much Is My Motorcycle Accident Claim Worth?

A: It depends on many factors, including how the collision occurred, why the collision occurred, the severity of your injuries, and your medical bills/lost earnings.

Q: Does Your Firm Specialize in Motorcycle Law?

A: Although lawyers in the personal injury field cannot be certified as a “specialist”, we have handled many motorcycle cases with significant success in the last 40 years.

Q: How Long Has Your Firm Been Practicing Law?

A: Our firm has been in business for over 40 years handling almost exclusively Plaintiff’s personal injury cases.

Q: What Happens If We Don’t Win?

A: No recovery means no fee.

Motorcycle accidents involve some of the most devastating injuries and, tragically, often result in death. Injuries incurred by the motorcyclist in a motorcycle accident have a greater likelihood of being severe than they do for other vehicle users. 

According to the Insurance Information Institute, motorcycle accidents are 26 times more likely to result in a fatality, while the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) states that motorcycle riders are overrepresented in fatal traffic crashes. In 2019 alone, California was the state with the second highest number of motorcycle fatalities (474, with Florida having the most at 591).

The catastrophic injuries frequently incurred as a result of a motorcycle collision can have a profound impact on the injured person’s life. This can include considerations such as paying for extensive and expensive medical care, loss in household productivity, lost earning capacity, and significant emotional losses. 

Here are some of the most severe types of injuries a rider may suffer as a result of being in a motorcycle accident: 

Road rash is an abrasion wound in which the skin is scraped off through contact with another surface. Road rash wounds vary in their severity, and can include a combination of deep abrasions, avulsions, and lacerations. In severe instances, road rash may require a skin graft or a free flap procedure to limit scarring. Just like with regular burns, road rash injuries can be classified by degree. Road rash injuries can be fatal. 

Abrasion Injury – open wound injuries caused by skin rubbing against a rough surface. Abrasion injuries can vary from mild (what you would typically call a scrape or graze) to severe. 

Laceration Injury – cuts that go all the way through the skin. Deep lacerations go beneath the skin to underlying tissue layers and require urgent medical attention. 

Avulsion Injury – traumatic injuries in which tissue is torn from the body, including all three layers of skin. If the avulsion wraps all the way around an extremity, this is referred to as degloving. 

• The speed at which the motorcyclist was traveling

• The length of contact with the abrasive surface

• The type of road surface the skin comes into contact with

• Whether the rider was wearing gear

Motorcycle accidents that result in road rash can be incredibly costly to treat, especially in serious cases where hospitalization and surgery are required. 

Traumatic brain injury is any injury that causes disruption to the normal functioning of the brain. Motorcyclists are uniquely vulnerable to traumatic brain injuries especially considering their head is usually susceptible to direct trauma.

A spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent disruptions below the site of injury. Spinal cord injuries are typically the result of trauma or disease, with auto and motorcycle accidents accounting for almost half of all new cases each year. It has been suggested that while head injuries are the leading cause of motorcycle deaths, spinal cord injuries are potentially more devastating to surviving individuals.  

Spinal cord injuries impair the brain’s ability to communicate with the rest of the body. Depending on where this damage occurs, this can have a severe impact on movement, sensations like touch and pain, and/or the regulation of one’s body’s physiological processes. 

The seriousness of a spinal cord injury is largely determined by how far up it occurs; the further up the injury, the more regions of the body that are likely to be affected. For example, injuries to the spinal cord around the neck can impair the brain’s ability to send and receive signals from the respiratory muscles, which can have a significant impact on breathing:

Spinal injuries at the cervical (neck) level are typically the most severe, particularly where the damage is to the C1 – C4 nerves, which can result in full body paralysis, impaired ability to speak, or the inability to breath independently.

Spinal injuries at the thoracic (chest) level tend to result in loss of sensation in the legs, the genitals and/or rectal region, as well as an inability to control the bladder or bowel.   

Spinal injuries at the lumbar (lower back) level typically result in loss of function in the hips and legs, as well as impaired control of the bladder and bowel. 

The severity of a spinal cord injury is referred to as the “completeness” of the injury:

• Complete spinal injuries entail a complete loss of sensory and motor function below the site of the injury. If you cannot feel or move a particular body part, then your spinal cord injury would be classified as complete.

• Incomplete spinal injuries entail only a partial loss of sensation and movement. Incomplete spinal injuries vary depending on the extent of the nerve damage 

The impaired communication between the brain and the body through damage to the spinal cord often results in some form of paralysis. According to Healthline, paralysis “can be localized or generalized, partial or complete, and temporary or permanent.” 

Localized paralysis only affects one particular part of the body, for example the face. Generalized paralysis can be broken down into the following types:

Monoplegia affects one arm or one leg

Hemiplegia affects one arm and one leg, on the same side of the body

Paraplegia affects both legs

Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, affects both arms and both legs

The symptoms of spinal cord injury can be so severe as to virtually impact a person’s entire body. Some of the most frequently experienced symptoms are:

• Loss of voluntary movement, particularly in the limbs

• Loss of speech

• Loss of sensation, or uncomfortable sensations like tingling

• Loss of bladder or bowel control

• Respiratory problems, such as difficulty breathing or coughing

• Muscle weakness

• Pain or pressure

• Changes in sexual function

• Spasms 

Furthermore, spinal cord injuries can put individuals at risk of a range of secondary complications, such as:

• Deep vein thrombosis

• Muscle spasms

• Mood disorders such as depression

• Osteoporosis

• Pressure ulcers (bed sores)

• Muscle tone issues:

  • Spasticity (uncontrolled tightening of the muscle)

  • Flaccidity (lack of muscle tone)

• Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease

While the emotional devastation of a spinal cord injury cannot be understated, the financial impact of a spinal cord injury is often equally enormous. In addition to sustaining a devastating lost earning capacity, an individual with a spinal cord injury may be rendered entirely dependent on caregivers. 

Paying for rehabilitative services and medical treatment can further add to this financial burden, adding another layer of stress to an already tremendously difficult, life-altering event. 

Amputation is the loss or removal of a body part, either through trauma or surgery. Motorcyclists are particularly vulnerable to accidents that lead to amputation. 

In many cases, it is the nature of the accident that leads to an amputation being required, rather than the accident itself. For instance, if a rider’s leg is pinned between the motorcycle and the ground preventing emergency services from rescuing them, or if an extremity is crushed beyond repair.

Amputation can be one of the most traumatic outcomes of a motorcycle accident, radically altering an individual’s independence, mobility, and wellbeing. 

There are many psychological factors to consider with amputation following a motorcycle accident. Grief is very common in response to the loss of a body part. While those who undergo surgical removal of a body part following a period of illness often have time to adjust to the prospect of amputation, those involved in a catastrophic accident do not have that same time to come to terms with the dramatic change to their body. 

Mood disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common amongst people facing the prospect of life after amputation. Body image also plays a major role in impacting a person’s psychological wellbeing following amputation, having a considerable impact on an individual’s self-esteem, confidence, and sexual function.

The Motorcycle Legal Foundation lists four situations in which an amputation following a motorcycle accident may happen:

1. Accident phase – where an extremity is severed during the impact itself

2. Recovery phase – where the extremity has to be amputated in order to get the individual free of entrapment, and there is not enough time to dismantle the machinery that is trapping them (for example, if the vehicle is on fire)

3. Irreparable damage – where an extremity is so badly damaged that it cannot be healed through medical intervention

4. Complications – where the extremity poses a risk to the patient, such as gangrene

In some cases, reattachment of a completely severed body part may be possible. 

Factors affecting the success of reattachment include:

• The area of the body affected

• The degree of damage 

• Whether there is any nerve damage

• How long the affected body part has been without circulation

• The amount of contamination

Following amputation, individuals may experience a range of complications that can significantly impact their wellbeing:

Edema – swelling at the site of the amputation, known as stump edema. Not only can stump edema be painful, it can also impact the fitting of prosthetic limbs.

Infections – surgical site infections are a common occurrence following amputation, and can lead to complications such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), necrosis (dead tissue), blisters and inflammation of the bone.

Post-Amputation Pain – pain felt in the actual site of the wound; that is, the acute pain felt in the residual limb as a direct result of amputation procedure.

Residual Limb Pain – chronic pain felt in areas adjacent to the amputated body part. Also known as stump pain, residual limb pain can last beyond healing, and is typically experienced as a throbbing, burning or stabbing sensation.

Phantom Limb Pain – pain felt in the body part that is no longer attached. Phantom limb pain is a neuropathic pain that is still not fully understood, but is believed to involve real sensations originating from the spinal cord and brain. This is not to be confused with phantom limb sensation, which is the feeling that the missing body part is still there, but does not cause any pain. 

Joint Instability, Muscle Weakness & Contractures – secondary complications resulting from remaining body parts having to compensate for the missing extremity, which can lead to stiffness, spasm or pain. Range of motion exercises are necessary to prevent contractures (permanent shortening of muscles or joints), as is rehabilitation designed to prevent loss of muscle mass.

Amputation poses a number of unique challenges that dramatically alter a person’s life and livelihood. Adjusting to life following amputation is a long and arduous process, a process that can quickly become extremely costly.  

Depending on their severity, bone fractures can be catastrophic and in some cases, life-threatening. Large bones like the femur are tough to break, and so mostly occur in high intensity accidents like car accidents and motorcycle accidents. 

A broken femur is incredibly painful and has a significant impact on an individual’s everyday life. Healing a broken femur almost always requires surgery, and typically takes between four to six months.  

If you have suffered a broken femur due to being involved in a motorcycle accident, you have rights. You may be entitled to compensation for the pain and suffering you’ve experienced, the expensive medical treatment including surgery(s) and rehabilitation, and lost earning capacity during the time your broken femur is healing. Contact a Los Angeles motorcycle accident lawyer to discuss your accident.

There are several types of femoral fractures:

• Transverse fractures entail a break in a straight line across the femur

• Oblique fractures entail a break in an angled line across the femur

• Spiral fractures entail a break that encircles the femur in a striping fashion

• Comminuted fractures describe a femur that is broken in three or more places

• Open/compound fractures occur when the femur breaks through the skin

Depending on the way in which the femur breaks and the severity of that break, a number of complications can arise. Some of these complications can be life-threatening, such as pneumonia, blood clots or infection.

Bone fragments causing damage to surrounding tissue, for example tearing blood vessels or nerves

• Peripheral damage to ligaments, muscles and tendons as a result of the break 

• Acute compartment syndrome, caused by muscle pressure reaching dangerous levels. Acute compartment syndrome is considered “one of the few true emergencies in orthopedics and traumatology.”

• Bone infection, which is difficult to treat, typically requiring multiple surgeries

• Infection

• Bleeding

• Improper setting, leading to one leg becoming shorter than the other 

• Hip and knee pain 

• Nerve injury

• Blood clots 

• Hardware irritation, where metal implants irritate the surrounding tissue 

• Fat embolism, where bone marrow enters the bloodstream

Serious bone fractures require lengthy healing periods which often require numerous surgeries and physical therapy to ensure the fracture properly heals, all of which is very expensive.

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If you are worried about being able to pay for the treatment for your or your loved one’s injury in the aftermath of an accident, you should speak to an expert motorcycle accident lawyer who can get you the maximum compensation you may be owed.

Because motorcyclists are often more difficult to see than cars and trucks, they are uniquely vulnerable on the road. However, this does not excuse a driver who causes a crash because he or she was not paying attention or watching out for motorcyclists.

Some of the factors that contribute to motorcycle accidents include the following:

1. Negligent/Poor Driving

When a motorcycle is involved in a crash with another vehicle, the cause of the crash is often attributable to the driver of the vehicle because he or she failed to see the motorcycle and impeded the motorcyclist’s right-of-way. An example of such a crash is the Lewis v. Ukran case, covered below.

Motorcyclists are smaller visual targets, so drivers have to always pay attention when making maneuvers on the public roads. Those maneuvers include: 

• Entering or exiting intersections, as in the case of Ekbatani v. State of California, outlined above 

• Changing lanes

• Making left and right turns 

• Moving in and out of driveways

The risk to a motorcyclist is significantly increased when drivers make poor decisions and chose to drive:

Sadly, over 9000 Californians lost their lives in alcohol-impaired crashes between 2009 and 2018. Statistically, one American dies every hour in an alcohol-related crash.

At least 795 Americans lost their lives in 2017 due to crashes caused by drowsy driving. The Governors Highway Safety Administration (GHSA) estimates that between 10 and 20 percent of large truck and bus crashes are caused by tired or exhausted drivers.

Using a handheld device while driving significantly increases the risk of a crash. Other distractions which increase the risk of a crash include eating, applying makeup, or engaging in stressful conversations with passengers.

Sometimes known as “road rage,” aggressive driving includes cutting off or tail-gating other drivers, honking or gesturing for unnecessary reasons, or intentionally preventing another driver from passing.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), speeding was a contributing factor in almost a third of all traffic fatalities in 2020.

2. Dangerous Roadways

California’s roads have been known to be dangerous. Particularly deadly stretches of roadway include the I-15 in Hesperia, I-80 in Oakland/Berkeley, and the I-5 in Sacramento from Del Paso Road to Railyards Boulevard.

California is also second in the nation for rural road fatalities. Some surveys find that up to one in five solo motorcycle crashes are caused by defects in the roadway, including potholes.

3. Defectively Designed/Faulty Vehicles or Parts

Since the adoption of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966,the NHTSA has issued minimum standards for vehicles. As part of its administrative duties, NHTSA, on occasion, has recommended manufacturers to voluntarily recall vehicles. Such NHTSA recommendations have resulted in more than 390 million recalled vehicles.

However, not all recall campaigns by manufacturers raise enough public awareness. California has the most vehicles “with unrepaired safety recalls” in the nation – an estimated 5.6 million of them as of mid-2022.

Recent motorcycle recalls include the following: 

• Harley-Davidson recalled roughly 175,000 motorcycles in 2018 due to a concern about brake failure. 

• Honda recalled some 2021 model year off-road motorcycles (CRF450R) for a defective drive chain.

Often riders are not aware of these defects (and cannot be expected to be), which is why it is crucial that manufacturers and distributors take action when defects that warrant a recall are brought to their attention.

A recall requires the manufacturer to perform several acts: 

• First, the manufacturer must file a public report detailing the defect, the vehicle involved, the events which determined that a recall was necessary, a proposed remedy, and a schedule for the recall to occur. 

• Next, the manufacturer must attempt to notify the owners of the problem.

• Finally, the manufacturer must fix the defect at no cost to the owner. (Recall information and updates can be found on the NHTSA’s website).

We are meticulous when it comes to evaluating and investigating any details in a motorcycle accident case. We work tirelessly to determine who was at fault for the accident and strive to hold the liable parties responsible. 

No matter how complex your case may be, we will work to obtain fair and just compensation for your harms and losses, including medical bills, lost wages, pain and suffering, and more. If you have lost a loved one in a fatal motorcycle accident, we can explain your legal options and help you pursue a wrongful death claim.

Bringing Justice to Motorcyclists Against Negligent Drivers

Lewis v. Ukran – $2,650,000.00

On March 26, 2013. Thyme Lewis was riding his motorcycle when a van made a left turn in front of him. Despite braking, the front wheel of Thyme’s motorcycle hit the side of the van, and he was thrown from his motorcycle. He landed on the roof of the van, sustaining serious injuries which consequently ended his career as a stuntman.

In 2018, we obtained a verdict for $1,654,000.00 after the defendant in the case only offered $150,000.00. Eventually, the defendant paid more than $2,650,000.00 after adding interest and costs to the verdict.

In 2019, the California Court of Appeal published the case.

Obligations of a Driver who Injures a Motorcyclist

According to the California Vehicle Code § 20003:

The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any person shall give his or her name, current residence address, the names and current residence addresses of any occupant of the driver’s vehicle injured in the accident, the registration number of the vehicle he or she is driving, and the name and current residence address of the owner to the person struck or the driver or occupants of any vehicle collided with, and shall give the information to any traffic or police officer at the scene of the accident.

The driver also shall render to any person injured in the accident reasonable assistance, including transporting, or making arrangements for transporting, any injured person to a physician, surgeon, or hospital for medical or surgical treatment if it is apparent that treatment is necessary or if that transportation is requested by any injured person.

Additionally, any driver or injured occupant of a driver’s vehicle shall also, upon being requested, exhibit his or her driver’s license, if available, or, in the case of an injured occupant, any other available identification, to the person struck or to the driver or occupants of any vehicle collided with, and to any traffic or police officer at the scene of the accident.

How Long Do I Have to File a Motorcycle Accident Claim?

Under California’s Statute of Limitations (Civ. Proc. §335.1), you have two years from the date of the accident to file a personal injury lawsuit. If you are considering filing a lawsuit due to injuries suffered in a motorcycle accident, you should consult an experienced motorcycle accident attorney today.

Our Motorcycle Accident Victories

Ekbatani v. State of California
$35,000,000.00

Lewis v. Ukran
$2,650,000.00

Moscardi v. The Gas Company
$2,700,000.00

Colello v. I-5MX
$1,600,000.00

If you have concerns about navigating an insurance claim when it comes to your motorcycle accident, you should consider hiring an experienced motorcycle injury attorney who can guide you through the process. 

Mardirossian Akaragian LLP offers abundant resources, a proven track record of winning, and a powerhouse legal team to provide you with the best chance of winning the maximum compensation owed to you.

Factors That Can Invalidate Your Claim

Many factors can invalidate your claim, including failing to file a lawsuit within the required period of time, neglecting to include the correct parties in the lawsuit, and not preserving the correct evidence needed to properly prosecute the claim.

Factors That Can Impact The Compensation You Are Paid

Factors which can affect your compensation include how the accident occurred, the nature and extent of your injuries, the amount of time you lost from work, the amount you owe to healthcare providers, the pain and suffering you experienced and continue to experience, and how your injuries interfere with your ability to enjoy your life.

While there is no doubt that there are many fine law firms throughout LA County, it is a simple fact that only certain firms are able to go the distance. Sadly it is often the case that a firm with the law on their side loses because the opposition is able to beat them through sheer resource. 

Mardirossian Akaragian LLP is a powerhouse law firm with the necessary resources needed to go the distance. With a track record of major case victories and a combined total of over half a billion dollars secured for our injury clients, your motorcycle injury claim is in the right hands with us.

Ways Our Firm Can Help With Your Motorcycle Accident Claim

We can conduct a thorough investigation of the circumstances surrounding your accident, helping you to build a solid case by:

• Gathering evidence, such as witness statements, police reports and medical documents

• Working with accident reconstructionists, engineers, medical professionals, forensic economists and other qualified experts

• Reconstructing the crash through our signature use of virtual and physical 3D models

• Communicating with insurance companies 

• Taking your case to trial if necessary 

Contact one of our experienced motorcycle accident lawyers today to schedule a no-cost consultation.

I had really hard times after my accident.

It wasn’t the proudest time of my life. I had to lean on family, I had to lean on Garo. He supported me with my medical bills. He have me a place to live. He just had my back.

I felt like I was on a team again. I felt supported. There were ups and downs but I always felt like Garo had my back, and that I really couldn’t go wrong.

No matter happened, I knew that I could trust Garo.

— Amir Ekbatani

Sources cited in this article:

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6. CHAPTER 1. Accidents and Accident Reports [20002] – California Legislative Information

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15. Plastic Surgery for Burns and Other Wounds – WebMD

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18. How To Treat an Avulsion or Degloving – Verywell Health

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23. Spinal cord injury – Mayo Clinic

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26. Acute Spinal Cord Injury – Hopkins Medicine

27. Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Symptoms and Prognosis – Shepherd Center

28. Thoracic Spinal Cord Injuries: Symptoms and Recovery – Shepherd Center

29. Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury Overview – Shepherd Center

30. Paralysis – Healthline

31. Amputation – Hopkins Medicine

32. Practical coping strategies to help amputees and their families – Limbs4Life

33. Emotional and Psychological Reactions to Amputation – Physiopedia

34. Motorcycle Accident Amputation Injuries – Motorcycle Legal Foundation

35. Traumatic Amputations – EMS World

36. Complications Post Amputation – Physiopedia

37. Residual limb pain – Mayo Clinic

38. Phantom pain – Mayo Clinic

39. Femur Fracture – Orthopedic Medical Center

40. Broken Femur – Healthline

41. Femur Shaft Fractures (Broken Thighbone) – OrthoInfo

42. Femur Fracture Open Reduction and Internal Fixation – Hopkins Medicine

43. Physical Therapy Guide to Femur Fracture – ChoosePT

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51. DUI Crackdown – California Office of Traffic Safety

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60. California Has the Most Vehicles with Unfixed Safety Recalls – Automotive Fleet

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